Town dwellers are likely to live in smaller, better-insulated homes than those in the countryside, so they will be more fuel efficient and their overall emissions lower. A 2004 study, for example, found that Londoners' carbon emissions were around half the UK national average,22 while New Yorkers are reckoned to emit around 30 per cent less carbon than the average American.23 Highly urbanized New York has the lowest per capita emissions of any US state.24 As the urban designer and planner Peter Calthorpe put it, "The city is the most environmentally benign form of human settlement. Each city-dweller consumes less land, less energy, less water and produces less pollution than his counterpart in settlements of lower density. Our tendency to live in towns and cities allows half of all humans to live on less than 3 per cent of the world's surface.