Bilal kamiloğlu
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The preaching of a new monotheistic religion by the Arab Prophet Muhammad (died 632) initiated the most spectacular campaign of conquest the Western world had seen since that of Alexander the Great in the fourth century Bc. Between 633 and 732, the Arabs, professing the faith of Islam that Muhammad had founded, created an empire that stretched from Afghanistan in the east to the Pyrenees in the west. A consequence of the Arab victories was that Christian power was extinguished not only in its historic centre in the Holy Land, but also in Egypt, Syria, North Africa and Spain, while the Christian empire of Byzantium, the surviving element of the Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople, was brought under continuous pressure 
John Keegan in Asia Minot.In 1071 the Seljuk Turks, a Central Asian nomadic hotse people who had recently converted to Islam, defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert, on Asia Minor's border with the Caucasus moun- tains, and overran Asia Minot, threatening Constantinople and Christian Southern Europe
John Keegan in Asia Minot.In 1071 the Seljuk Turks, a Central Asian nomadic hotse people who had recently converted to Islam, defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert, on Asia Minor's border with the Caucasus moun- tains, and overran Asia Minot, threatening Constantinople and Christian Southern EuropeThe combination of gunpowder and drill proved decisive in beating back the attack of Islam, manifested in the Ottoman Empire, from the frontiers of Christian Europe during the seventeenth century. The Turkish offensive from the Eastern to the Western Mediterranean was checked by their defeat at the Siege of Malta in 1565; theit amphibious power was broken at the Battle of Lepanto (İnebahtı) in 1571. Thereafter, though they continued to stage a series of aggressive land campaigns in the Balkans for another century, the impetus of triumphant Islam was lost. In John Keegan 1683 the Turks were defeated at the second Siege of Vienna.In 1699, by the Treaty of Carlowitz, they were, for the first time since their seizure of Constantinople in 1453, obliged to cede territory to their Christian enemies and accept Austrian dominance over Hungary, which they had controlled since the previous century.
John Keegan 1683 the Turks were defeated at the second Siege of Vienna.In 1699, by the Treaty of Carlowitz, they were, for the first time since their seizure of Constantinople in 1453, obliged to cede territory to their Christian enemies and accept Austrian dominance over Hungary, which they had controlled since the previous century.The first outright clash between these two religious entities occurred in the era of the Crusades, expeditions begun at the end of the eleventh century as an attempt to recapture the Holy City of jerusalem for Christendom. The First Crusade had a successful culmination in the taking of Jerusalem in 1099, and the foundation of several Christian kingdoms in the Near East followed.In turn, that inaugurated three centuries of Muslim-Christian conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean, ending with the expulsion of the last Crusaders to few island footholds Rhodes. Cyprus, finally Malta - in the fifteenth century. The long passage of arms had manifold results. One was the adoption by Muslim warriors of the practice of chivalry, in essence both a code of honour and of skill at arms that stratified warfare socially and elevated the mounted warrior in Christian Europe, the knight- to a dominant place. Cavalry had - long commanded battlefields, in Europe since the introduction of the stirrup, an Asian invention, in the ninth century. The rise of the knight, and of his Muslim coeval, had the effect, however. of conferring on him a special military status which resolved into political position also. By the fifteenth century the armoured knight, and his Muslim equivalent, the mameluke, dominated territories from the English Channel to the Persian Gulf. John Keegan
John Keegan