The Global Expansion of Britain

Unfinished Empire

John Darwin

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In a decolonized world in which race discrimination and inequality were still deeply entrenched (not least in the West’s richest and strongest society), the evil of racism became empire’s great legacy, the ideological core that drove all imperial endeavour, the vital ingredient of the imperial economy, and the guiding principle of imperial rule.
This was the task of colonial ethnography and its official practitioners, the authors of the gazetteers and reports, surveys and censuses, at which the British in India excelled. In a vast work of imaginative re-creation, they constructed an image of stagnant or regressive communities, saved from disaster by imperial intervention, but too unprogressive to be released into freedom for an indefinite time.
Reklam
As is well known, the British ruled India (population 250 millions) with an administrative cadre of under 1,000.
The ‘empire of migrants’ – instinctively protectionist and truculently self-governing – had little in common with the wider ‘empire of free trade’ on which exports, employment and profits depended. Neither looked much like the ‘empire of Christ’ – the open sea of Christian faith – into which Britain’s Protestant missionaries hoped to draw the whole world. The ‘empire of coaling stations, bases and fortresses’ was different again. The quarrels and squabbles of these rival imperialists meant that no single imperial ideology ruled the Victorian roost.
But in Ireland and Wales, the social system was different. These were kin-centred communities where allegiance and loyalty were owed not to the king, but to kinsmen and clan leaders. They were mobile and pastoral, not fixed and crop-growing. Their notions of property were loose and informal. To English observers, these were lawless, chaotic, thug-ridden societies, where political life was reduced to a protection-racket.
Indeed, the consolidation of Spain and France as dynastic states, and the family alliance between Austria and Spain (both ruled by Habsburgs), threw the English on the defensive in Europe.
Reklam
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