Hakkında
Patricia Adair Gowaty Amerikalı evrimsel bir biyolog. B.A.'yı aldı. 1980'de Clemson Üniversitesi'nde biyoloji alanında doktorası ve doktora derecesini almıştır. Halen Los Angeles, California Üniversitesi'nde Seçkin Profesördür. Gowaty, insan ve hayvan davranışları ve evrimi ile ilgili birçok makalesi ile bilinir.
Tam adı:
Prof. Dr. Patricia Adair Gowaty
Unvan:
Biyolog, Yazar
Sözler ve Alıntılar
Adaptive storytelling is also rampant in evolutionary psychology. Statements are frequently made without offering any evidence in support. For example, Helen Fisher states in the "Dateline" program, "Cheating is in our genes-no matter what we are taught about right and wrong, we are programmed to fool around." (What genes? What evidence do we have for the existence of these genes? Are they dominant or recessive genes? Are they sexed-linked genes? How does she know that we are "programmed" to fool around? What evidence would disprove that we are programmed?) Later in the same program, she says that women who had affairs had higher reproductive success because they "got access to additional resources controlled by their lovers." (Again one must ask what evidence there is for this. Is there evidence of fitness differences among women who have affairs compared to those who do not?).
Sayfa 141 - The Curious Courtship of Sociobiology and Feminism: A Case of Irreconcilable Differences - Zuleyma Tang-Martinez
Biyoloji kim ki? Tin bilim varken
Existentialist feminism, first elaborated by Simone de Beauvoir (1974), building on the work of Sartre and other existentialists who paid little attention to gender, suggests that women's "otherness" and the social construction of gender rest on society's interpretation of biological differences, rather than the actual biological differences themselves:
The enslavement of the female to the species and the limitations of her various powers are extremely important facts; the body of woman is one of the essential elements in her situation in the world. But that body is not enough to define her as woman; there is no true living reality except as manifested by the conscious individual through activities and in the bosom of a society. Biology is not enough to give an answer to the question that is before us: why is woman the other? (p. 51)
A genetic male fetus is born with testes included inside the labia, and with an enlarged clitoris instead of a penis. These children typically are reared as girls, but with the surge of testosterone at puberty leading to male secondary sex characteristics, the children start taking on male roles, wearing male clothes, and having girlfriends (Imperator-McGinley, Peterson, Goutier, and Sturla, 1979). There is a population in the Dominican Republic where such children are relatively common. They are called Guevedoces (Spanish for "testes at twelve"), and their culture appears to provide support for the social and physiological transition from girlhood to young manhood.
Imperator-McGinley, l, R. E. Peterson, T. Gautier, and E. Sturla. 1979. Androgens and the evolution of male gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5- alpha-reductase deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 300:1233-1237.
Hayda...
Wilson (1975) suggests that male homosexuality may have evolved through kin selection:
The homosexual members of primitive societies may have functioned as helpers, either while hunting in company with other men or in more domestic occupations at the dwelling sites.... They could have operated with special efficiency in assisting close relatives. Genes favoring homosexuality could then be sustained at a high equilibrium level by kin selection alone. (p. 555)
So, there we have it: the "homosexual helpers at the nest" hypothesis, or as Kitcher (1985, p. 251) says, "the helpful homosexual. Every home should have one."
What evidence did Wilson have to make this claim?
Kitcher, P. 1985. Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Questfor Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, E. O. 1975a. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Darwinian Feminists
Some Feminist evolutionary biologists like myself suspect that knowledge about the naturally selected functions of human behavioral variations could be useful for those of us in the social-change business. This is because in theory, anyway, knowledge of the costs and benefits-in terms of survival and reproductive success of individuals-of cultural practices suggest tactics and strategies for elimination of or, at least, decreases in the degree or existence of women's oppressions. As I explained earlier, like all political theories, Darwinian Feminism makes predictions that guide political activism. Darwinian Feminism is based on natural selection hypotheses that explain the functions of particular human behavior. In scientific tests of these hypotheses it is absolutely necessary that predictions of the hypotheses be robustly tested using observations and experiments controlled against perceived biases before concluding that the theory is supported or not. However, political actions based on theories of Darwinian selective pressures, or any other political theories for that matter, are not held to that restrictive standard.
Sayfa 9
İletiler
Henüz kayıt yok
Yorumlar ve İncelemeler
Henüz kayıt yok