Louis Althusser calls the “Ideological State Apparatuses” (institutions such as the legal system, the educational system and the media) and maintained by the “Repressive State Apparatus” (the police and army).
Following on from
Antonio Gramsci’s “hegemony” theory, Althusser also believed that ideology worked most effectively at the level of ideas – as enshrined in the Ideological State Apparatuses. The duty of the cultural critic is to identify where, and how, these ideas serve the cause of the ruling élite – as well as to identify the contradictions that reveal the gaps and flaws in the ideology in question.