Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind
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Are people deceiving themselves? Do we really want reciprocal rewards but fool ourselves into believing that we help our friends out of the goodness of our hearts? Tooby and Cosmides (1996) argue that we should attend to people’s intuitions, for they provide a cue that friendships might not be based solely on reciprocal exchange.
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These data show that children living with one genetic parent and one stepparent are roughly 40 times more likely to be physically abused than children living with both genetic parents. This greater risk rate occurs even when other factors such as poverty and socioeconomic status are controlled. There is indeed a higher rate of child abuse in low-income families, but it turns out that the rates in stepfamilies are roughly the same across different levels of socioeconomic status.
Female sexuality, from a male perspective, is an extraordinarily valuable reproductive resource. From a female perspective, this resource is extremely fungible, meaning that it can be exchanged or converted into other resources (Meston & Buss, 2009). We can expect future research to explore the complexity of female short-term sexual psychology by clarifying which women pursue short-term mating in which contexts to secure which adaptive benefits.
Whereas changes have been taking place in evolutionary biology since Darwin’s 1859 book, psychology proceeded along a different path. Sigmund Freud, whose contributions came a few decades a er Darwin’s, was significantly influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. So was William James. In the 1920s, however, psychology took a sharp turn away from evolutionary theory and embraced a radical behaviorism that reigned for half a century. Then important empirical discoveries made radical behaviorism untenable, encouraging a turn back to evolutionary theory.