Range Gönderileri
Range kitaplarını, Range sözleri ve alıntılarını, Range yazarlarını, Range yorumları ve incelemelerini 1000Kitap'ta bulabilirsiniz.
On the other hand, you have people like me, who aren't quite sure what they're going to be when they grow up, only as the twelve-year- old recommended-a list of things they'd like to learn about this year.
I recently came across a quote from Christopher Nolan-writer and director of films like Inception, Interstellar, and The Dark Knight-on finding a next project. "For me, it's all about trying new things," he said. "If you're going to write, you want to read a lot before you write, without any purpose." Of course, the purpose is to find something that stimulates you but that you couldn't have known to look for an inter- est you didn't know you had. I think I'll take that advice.
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Compare yourself to your self yesterday
So, about that one sentence of advice: Don't feel behind. Two Roman historians recorded that when Julius Caesar was a young man he saw a statue of Alexander the Great in Spain and broke down in tears. "Alexander at my age had conquered so many nations, and I have all this time done nothing that is memorable," he supposedly said.
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When you push the boundaries, a lot of it is just probing. It has to be inefficient," Casadevall told me. "What's gone totally is that time to talk and synthesize. People grab lunch and bring it into their offices. They feel lunch is inefficient, but often that's the best time to bounce ideas and make connections."
When engineer Bill Gore left DuPont to form the company that in- vented Gore-Tex, he fashioned it after his observation that companies do their most impactful creative work in a crisis, because the disciplin- ary boundaries fly out the window. "Communication really happens in the carpool," he once said. He made sure that "dabble time" was a cultural staple.
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The group tracked the impact of research papers over time. They saw that papers with new knowledge combinations were more likely to be published in less prestigious journals, and also much more likely to be ignored upon publication. They got off to a slow start in the world, but after three years, the papers with new knowledge combos surpassed the conventional papers, and began accumulating more citations from other scientists. Fifteen years after publication, studies that made multiple new knowledge combinations were way more likely to be in the top 1 percent of most-cited papers.
To recap: work that builds bridges between disparate pieces of knowl- edge is less likely to be funded, less likely to appear in famous journals, more likely to be ignored upon publication, and then more likely in the long run to be a smash hit in the library of human knowledge.
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Seeing small pieces of a larger jigsaw puzzle in isolation, no matter how hi-def the picture, is insufficient to grapple with humanity's great- est challenges. We have long known the laws of thermodynamics, but struggle to predict the spread of a forest fire. We know how cells work, but can't predict the poetry that will be written by a human made up of them. The frog's-eye view of individual parts is not enough. A healthy ecosystem needs biodiversity.
Even now, even in endeavors that engender specialization unprece- dented in history, there are beacons of breadth. Individuals who live by historian Arnold Toynbee's words that "no tool is omnicompetent. There is no such thing as a master-key that will unlock all doors." Rather than wielding a single tool, they have managed to collect and protect an entire toolshed, and they show the power of range in a hyper- specialized world.
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Just as Tetlock says of the best forecasters, it is not what they think, but how they think. The best forecasters are high in active open-mindedness. They are also extremely curious, and don't merely consider contrary ideas, they proactively cross disciplines looking for them. "Depth can be inadequate without breadth," wrote Jonathan Baron, the psychologist who developed measurements of active open-mindedness.
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Facing uncertain environments and wicked problems, breadth of experience is invaluable. Facing kind problems, narrow specialization can be remarkably efficient. The problem is that we often expect the hyperspecialist, because of their expertise in a narrow area, to magi cally be able to extend their skill to wicked problems. The results can be disastrous.
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Short Term Planning
No one in their right mind would argue that passion and persever- ance are unimportant, or that a bad day is a cue to quit. But the idea that a change of interest, or a recalibration of focus, is an imperfection and competitive disadvantage leads to a simple, one-size-fits-all Tiger story: pick and stick, as soon as possible. Responding to lived experi- ence with a change of direction, like Van Gogh did habitually, like West Point graduates have been doing since the dawn of the knowledge econ- omy, is less tidy but no less important. It involves a particular behavior that improves your chances of finding the best match, but that at first blush sounds like a terrible life strategy: short-term planning
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Sunk Cost Fallacy
rational observer, disaster becomes imminent. "The more we have in- vested and even lost," Konnikova wrote, "the longer we will persist in insisting it will all work out."
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One of those desirable difficulties is known as the "generation ef safect." Struggling to generate an answer on your own, even a wrong one enhances subsequent learning.
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Do not rely on particular example for learning
That is, the more contexts in which something is learned, the more the learner creates abstract models, and the less they rely on any particular example. Learners become better at applying their knowledge to a situ- ation they've never seen before, which is the essence of creativity.............You don't know what's right or what's wrong. You don't have that in your head. You're just trying to find a solution to problems, and after fifty lifetimes, it starts to come together for you. It's slow," he told me, "but at the same time, there's something to learning that way."
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Pieta
It all raises the question: Just what magical training mechanism was deployed to transform the orphan foundlings of the Venetian sex indus- try, who but for the grace of charity would have died in the city's canals, into the world's original international rock stars?
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They must be taught to think before being taught what to think about
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Dance Across Diciplines
They aren't giving students the tools to analyze the modern world, except in their area of specialization. Their education is too nar- row." He does not mean this in the simple sense that every computer science major needs an art history class, but rather that everyone needs habits of mind that allow them to dance across disciplines
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Modern work de-mands knowledge transfer: the ability to apply knowledge to new situa- tions and different domains. Our most fundamental thought processes have changed to accommodate increasing complexity and the need to derive new patterns rather than rely only on familiar ones. Our concep- tual classification schemes provide a scaffolding for connecting knowl- edge, making it accessible and flexible.
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