A Critical Review of Humankind
Rutger Bregman’s book Humankind is one of the books that questions negative ideas about human nature and makes readers think. For many years, many people believed that humans are naturally selfish, bad, and only care about themselves. However, Bregman does not agree with this idea. According to him, human nature is not as dark as people think. Instead, people are more willing to help each other, understand others’ feelings, and do good things. In the book, the author supports these ideas with many examples from wars, psychology experiments, history, and biology. One of the best parts of the book is that it gives hope about humanity. Still, when I finished the book, I did not only feel admiration. On one side, I was happy to read it because it made me think differently. On the other side, some of the author’s ideas felt too optimistic to me. Because of this, the book was both interesting and questionable for me.
One of the strongest parts of the book is that it makes people question ideas about human nature that many accept without thinking. Today, we often see violence, murder, wars, and fights on television, social media, and in the news. After some time, people start to believe that the world is full of bad people. At this point, Bregman asks an important question: If humans were really bad by nature, how could societies survive for so many years? A big part of human history was shaped by helping each other, working together, and surviving together. From this side, the writer’s ideas are important and meaningful.
His ideas against the belief that humans are naturally wild are especially interesting. Today, when someone behaves badly, people sometimes say, “Did you grow up in a cave?” However, Bregman says that hunter-gatherer societies were not as violent as many
In Amis’s famous novel, London Fields, the witty language is used and highlighted in the book repatedly. With the use of wit and pan (word play) Amis creates one of the most intelligent written novel ‘London Fields’. These uses of high elevated language and word plays also gives us the hints of postmodern fiction. As the novel is considered one of the best novel representing postmodernism, one can appreciate it due to the style that the novel is written, by means of wit and language. To give examples from the book;
-It was fixed. It was written. The murderer was not the murderer. But the murderee had always been a murderee.
The quote from Samson Young foreshadows that the real murderer is not the one we think, it will change. However the murderee ‘Nicola’ will always be the victim, not be affected by the inconstant murderer.
- I know what his poetry will be about. What poetry is always about. The cruelty of the poet’s mistress.
In this quote we can also sense the metaphor that is made to Nicola. Here Samson , as a writer, claims that the poets are writing poetry due to the relationship between their mistresses. It is known that Young also writes a novel about Nicola, creating the same plot with the poets he criticizes.
-I close my eyes, trying to see a way- how do writers dare do what they do ? – and there is just chaos. It seems to me that writing brings trouble with it, moral trouble, unexamined trouble. Even to the best.
-When God got mad he was a jealous God. He had other planets, thanks, and in better parts of the universe. He promised plague, famine mile-high tides, sound-speed winds and terror, ubiquitous and incessant terror, with blood flowing bridle deep. He threatened to make her old and keep her that way forever… Cross that firebreak and then cross that
📚🔔 Tatil zili çaldı!
Bir yıl boyunca verilen emeklerin ardından şimdi dinlenme, keşfetme ve yeni maceralara atılma zamanı. 🌞
Bu yaz bol kahkahalı, bol anılı ve elbette bol kitaplı geçsin. Tüm öğrencilere keyifli tatiller diliyoruz! 💙📖
Kapitalizmin Kökenleri ve Modern Dünya Sisteminin Doğuşu
Immanuel Wallerstein, neolitik devrimden sonra insanlık tarihinin en önemli kırılma noktası olan kapitalizmin bölgesel bir fenomenden nasıl bir dünya sistemine dönüştüğünü teorik bir çerçevede, ancak okuyucusunu sıkmadan anlatıyor.
Wallerstein'e göre kapitalizm 14. yüzyılda feodal sistemin içine girdiği kriz sonucu zorunluluklardan dolayı ortaya çıkar ve 1450 ile 1670 yılları arasında Batı Avrupa'nın ekonomik ve siyasi açıdan dünya egemenliğine yükselişinin altında yatan nedendir. Bu kapsamda 14. yüzyılda yaşanan veba salgını ve iklim krizleri sonucu ortaya çıkan işgücü sıkıntısı nedeniyle çöken feodal ekonominin yerini alan kapitalist dünya sistemi, coğrafi olarak genişleme (emperyalizm), değişik üretim tarzlarının ortaya çıkışı (coerced and cash-crop labour) ve kendi milli burjuva sınıflarını destekleyen ulus devletlerin imparatorlukların yerini alması gibi gelişim safhaları ile birlikte modern dünyanın tartışmasız ekonomik ve siyasi modeli olmuştur.
Bu yeni kapitalist dünya sistemi, farklı bölgeler arasındaki ilişkileri ve her bölgedeki çalışma koşullarının türlerini belirleyen uluslararası bir iş bölümüne dayanır. Bu modelde siyasi sistemin türü, her bölgenin dünya ekonomisindeki konumuyla doğrudan ilişkili olarak "core", "semi-periphery", ve "periphery" şeklinde kategorilere ayrılır.
Kapitalist dünya ekonomisinden en çok faydalanan "core" bölgeler (İngiltere, Fransa,
Hollanda başta olmak üzere batı avrupa ülkeleri) güçlü merkezi hükümetler, geniş bürokrasiler ve büyük paralı orduları ile yerel burjuvazinin uluslararası ticareti kontrol altına almasına ve bu ticaretten elde edilen sermaye fazlalıklarını kendi çıkarları için kullanmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Güçlü merkezi hükümetlerden yoksun olan "periphery" (Doğu Avrupa ve Latin Amerika ülkeleri, ilerleyen
Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach may appear to be a simple story about a bird, but it develops into a layered allegory about individuality, freedom, and spiritual growth. Jonathan, unlike the rest of his flock, is not satisfied with living only to eat and survive. He becomes obsessed with flight not as a tool, but as a way of reaching perfection and understanding something greater about existence itself.
This desire isolates him. The flock, representing conformity and societal limitation, rejects him for refusing to follow its narrow rules. His exile symbolizes the cost of individuality: those who question norms are often cast out. Yet this separation is also what allows Jonathan to grow. Freed from the expectations of others, he pushes himself further and eventually reaches a higher level of existence, where he learns that true perfection is not just physical but spiritual.
Flight becomes the central symbol of the story. It represents self-discovery, discipline, and transcendence. The sky stands for infinite possibility, suggesting that limits are not absolute but largely self-imposed. Jonathan’s journey reflects the pursuit of self-actualization, the idea that fulfillment comes from realizing one’s full potential.
At the same time, the story strongly echoes Biblical patterns, especially those associated with Jesus Christ. Jonathan is rejected by his community, ascends to a higher plane of understanding, and returns as a teacher. He gathers followers and teaches them that they, too, can overcome their limitations. Like Christ, he emphasizes growth, belief, and a deeper understanding of existence.
However, Bach reinterprets these ideas in a more philosophical and less doctrinal way. There is no focus on sin or divine judgment. Instead, the central
In Ward No. 6, Anton Chekhov constructs a quiet but devastating meditation on suffering, indifference, and the fragile boundary between sanity and madness. Set in a decaying provincial hospital, the story revolves around Dr. Andrey Yefimych Ragin, a man who has retreated into intellectual detachment as a way of coping with the bleakness of life. The hospital itself, neglected and almost forgotten, becomes more than a setting; it functions as a symbol of a broader social and moral decay, where suffering is not only present but systematically ignored.
At the center of the narrative lies a philosophical tension that gradually unfolds through the doctor’s encounters with the patient Ivan Dmitrich Gromov. Ragin subscribes, at least superficially, to a version of Stoicism. Stoicism, originating in ancient Greek philosophy, teaches that individuals should cultivate inner peace by accepting what they cannot control and by remaining indifferent to external pain or pleasure. In its original form, it is a disciplined ethical system aimed at resilience and moral clarity. However, Ragin’s interpretation is hollowed out. What he practices is not active moral strength but passive withdrawal. He convinces himself that suffering is insignificant, that pain is merely a matter of perception, and therefore not worth resisting. This belief allows him to justify his inaction in the face of the hospital’s inhumane conditions.
Gromov, by contrast, embodies a radically different philosophical stance, one that could be described as an existential sensitivity to injustice. He is deeply affected by the possibility of suffering, oppression, and arbitrariness in human life. His anxiety and paranoia are not presented merely as symptoms of illness but as exaggerated responses to real conditions of
Türkçe - İngilizce1000Kitap
NST ve elektronik fetal kalp hızı monitorizasyonu üzerine yazılmış, gerçekten detaylı bir kaynak. Özellikle 5 basamaklı sınıflama sistemini sistematik şekilde anlatması kitabın en güçlü tarafı. Sadece “kategori” öğretmiyor; her paterni fizyopatolojik zeminiyle birlikte açıklıyor.
Benim açımdan en kıymetli tarafı şu oldu: Kitap algoritma sunuyor ama körü körüne karar verdirmiyor. Genel çerçeveyi çiziyor, riskleri ve olası sonuçları anlatıyor; son klinik kararı yine hekimin sorumluluğuna bırakıyor. Bu da aslında obstetri pratiğinin doğasına daha uygun.
Her kadın doğum uzmanının ve özellikle uzman adaylarının okuması gerektiğini düşünüyorum. Çünkü NST’yi sadece çizgi okumak olarak değil, fetal asit-baz dengesi, hipoksi süreci ve zamanlama üzerinden yorumlamayı öğretiyor.
Özetle; pratiğe doğrudan katkı sağlayan, düşünerek okumayı gerektiren ve klinik refleksi güçlendiren bir kitap.
It's a really detailed resource on NST and electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. The most powerful part of the book is that it systematically describes the 5-digit classification system. It doesn't just teach "category"; it explains each pattern along with its physiopathological basis.
The most important thing about me was that the book offers an algorithm, but it doesn't make blind decisions. It draws the general framework, describes the risks and possible consequences; leaves the final clinical decision to the physician's responsibility. This is actually more appropriate to the nature of the practice of obstetrics.
I think every obstetrician and especially specialist candidates should read it. Because it teaches to interpret NST not just as reading lines, but through fetal acid-base balance, hypoxia process, and timing.
In summary; a book that directly contributes to practice,