Women certainly want to get as much male investment as possible, but they may not be able to find both good genes and a good provider in the same man. Indeed, a man with good genes – tall, strong, and intelligent, for example – may find it so easy to get sex that he need not bother with putting effort into child care.
Sayfa 128 - Hayatımı bir ekonomik pasta gibi parçalıyorum, buna küçük milatcıklar dersek parçalardan biri de Gen Bencildir'i okumam diyebilirim. Bkz: Yukarıda bahsedilen ihtiyaç / iyi eş mevzusu.
Genetik uzmanları tip kavramının yerine topluluk kavramını koyduklarında ve ırk kavramınıgenetik stok kavramıyla değiştirdiklerinde ... spekülasyonlara daha kesin darbeler indirmiş oldular; dahası, kalıtımsal farklılıkların tek bir genin işlemine -bu farklılıklar ırksal açıdan daha az anlamlı olur, çünkü muhtemelen her zaman bir uyarlanma değerine sahiptirler- ya da, pratik olarak saptanmalarının imkânszlıkları, birçok genin ortak eylemine bağlı olmalarına göre bir uçurumla birbirlerinden ayrıldıklarını gösterdiler.
Sayfa 88
“Kötülüklerinin bütün iyiliklerini gölgede bırakabileceğini sanmam; gökteki kandiller gibidir onun kusurları gece karanlığında daha parlak görünürler. Babadan kalma kusur bunlar daha çok; kendi seçmiş gibi değiştiremezsin onları.”
Sayfa 22 - Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür YayınlarıKitabı okudu
Duygusal İyileşme
Prof. Mansuy: "Eğer genlerimiz harddisk ise epigenetik harddiskteki yazılımdır."
Sayfa 31 - Gün YayıncılıkKitabı okudu
The human genome consists of 3.3 billion base pairs. In 2003, when the Human Genome Project came to an end, it would have taken more than ten years to unravel the genetic code of a particular individual. Today our laboratory can process a trillion base pairs every day. The throughput of these machines has increased by a factor of 100 million over the past fifteen years: currently, one sequencer can decode an extraordinary 300 human genomes in a single day.
In the time it takes you to read this chapter, the DNA in millions of your cells will undergo chemical changes—in your skin, in your gut, everywhere. Usually these changes are immediately corrected by the body, but not always. When this process goes awry, it’s called a mutation. If mutations appear during the formation of germ cells—that is, in sperm or egg cells—they can be passed on to the next generation. The body has mechanisms to prevent this; as a result, fertilized germ cells with mutations that cause serious illnesses usually die. But smaller mutations often slip through the net, and a genetic change can thus, under certain circumstances, become hereditary.
We developed sweat glands, a more effective cooling system that allowed less hairy archaic hominins to run farther, hunt better, and escape from predators more effectively, meaning they lived longer and had better odds of reproducing. Archaic humans with genes predisposing them to hairiness, on the other hand, less able to compete for resources and outrun prey, died out.
You have to go back almost 5,000 years into the past to find the last major migration movement that altered the DNA of all Europeans. The DNA of people who came from the Eastern European steppes 5,000 years ago is still one of the three dominant genetic components on the continent today. The other two originate from early hunter-gatherers and from farmers who migrated there from Anatolia. The genetic ratio of these three archaic populations can be quantified through DNA testing in every person who has European roots.
Even if you tested the two most genetically different people on Earth, they would still share 99.8 percent of their DNA. In fact, we differ from Neanderthals in less than half a percent of our genome.
If we compare the mtDNA of two individuals, we can figure out when their most recent matrilineal common ancestor lived—using the molecular clock. The mtDNA of all living modern human beings can be traced back to a single female ancestor, a prehistoric mother. She lived around 160,000 years ago, and in the genetics literature she’s referred to as “mitochondrial Eve.” She has a male counterpart, “Y-chromosomal Adam,” to whom the Y chromosomes passed from father to son can be traced. This Adam lived almost 200,000 years before mitochondrial Eve, however, so we can say with certainty that they weren’t a couple.
Everybody has two parents, four grandparents, eight great-grandparents, and sixteen great-great-grandparents. This spans four generations, approximately 80 to 100 years. If we go back twenty generations, 400 to 500 years, we find more than a million ancestors. In the forty generations (at least) that have passed since Charlemagne, we’re looking at more than a trillion. This is admittedly a purely theoretical figure: not everyone had children, and some had more than this calculation takes into account.
If you follow a family tree back in time, you find that many of the lines cross, concentrating around the ancestors who had an above-average number of children. It follows that all the people who had children 600 to 700 years ago and whose descendants continued to produce offspring up to the present day can very likely be found somewhere in the family trees of all living Europeans.
An early Neanderthal in Europe or the Near East had mated with this Sapien woman, resulting in a closer relationship between late Neanderthals and modern humans. The Denisovans in Asia, however, did not mix and thus preserved a relatively close resemblance to early Neanderthals in their nuclear and mtDNA.
Roughly 1.9 million years ago, Homo erectus emerged. Within a few hundred thousand years, this hominin would spread throughout the continent and across large parts of Eurasia, becoming the first archaic hominin to leave Africa. In Eurasia, Homo erectus evolved still further, including at one stage into the so-called Peking Man, but then died out. In Africa, meanwhile, the line that led to Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans evolved from Homo erectus at least 600,000 years ago.
Europeans are 97 to 98 percent descended from Africans and 2 to 2.5 percent descended from Neanderthals. The indigenous populations of Australia and Papua New Guinea are about 7 percent descended from Neanderthals and Denisovans and about 93 percent from Africans. Only the inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa did not intermix with any other type of archaic human outside the continent.
Neanderthals were living during the Ice Age, hundreds of thousands of years in which vast and insurmountable glaciers periodically formed. Many regions settled by Neanderthals were cut off from the outside world, so they interbred with relatives and harmful mutations spread.
And the Denisovans were even worse off than the Neanderthals. Their DNA shows signs of extensive inbreeding. The ancestors of the Denisova girl were closely related many times over, because large parts of Asia were also sealed off during the Ice Age.