Sometime around 1140 Gratian, a monk of the monastery of St. Felix at Bologna, published a Harmony of Discordant Canons , which tried to coordinate all previous collections of church law. Since he arranged his quotations of authorities subject by subject, his Harmony soon emerged as the sole manual for teachers and for judges in the church. It served as the base for later additions to the body of canon law.
Quid terras alio calentes
Sole mutamus? patria quis exul
Se quoque fugit?
Niçin başka güneş başka toprak ararsın?
Yurdundan kaçmakla kendinden kaçar mısın?
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But the delicate alliance between the Bolsheviks and the anarchists was only temporary. It soon became clear that Lenin and the Bolsheviks wanted to centralize power for themselves and to gain control over the people. They were happy to use libertarian language only if it suited their own ends. Despite its libertarian tone, Lenin had made clear in State and Revolution that it was necessary in a transitional period to establish the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ in a ‘proletarian’ State in order to crush the resistance of the bourgeoisie. By March, the Bolshevik Party had become the sole party in Russia. It used the Civil War and the threat of foreign invasion as its excuse for the clamp-down; it started to confiscate grain from the peasants and to suppress its opponents.
The Communists increased their influence because the Soviet Union was the sole foreign supplier of arms to the Republican cause, and together with the socialists they began to replace the anarchist committees with municipal government. The militia columns were converted into orthodox brigades with a centralized command structure. On 16 December, 1936, Pravda declared; ‘As for Catalunya, the purging of the Trotskyists and Anarcho-syndicalists has begun; it will be conducted with the same energy with which it was conducted in the USSR.’ A Communist-controlled secret police, based on the Cheka model, began a reign of terror.
Malatesta voiced the concern of many anarchist communists that syndicalism had too simple a conception of class struggle and placed too much confidence in the general strike — a ‘pure utopia’ which could degenerate into a ‘general famine’. Syndicalism should be considered only as a means to anarchy, not the sole one.
Bir kapı var,
kırk kapıya varılmadan geçilmez;
Kırk kez kovulup,
kırk bir defa sarılmadan geçilmez
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