Hadrian VI's attempts to cleanse the Curia resulted in an indiscriminate clear-out which included crucial administrators. Papal business ground to a halt, and the inexperienced Pope wavered over urgent decisions, for lack of expert guidance. When he died Rome erupted in joy, and Europe heaved a collective sigh of relief. The late Pope, it was said, would have made a splendid monk. His tomb inscription quoted a bitter saying of his – ‘How much depends on the times in which even the best of men are cast.’
Boniface prepared a bull excommunicating the French King in September 1303, but before it could be promulgated French forces, accompanied by two of the deposed Colonna cardinals and their relatives, broke into the papal palace at Anagni and mobbed the Pope. Boniface faced his enemies with courage, in full papal regalia and shouting, ‘Here is my neck, here is my head,’ challenging them to kill him. The French troops drew back from that final atrocity, and were driven out of the town by the citizens the next day. Boniface never recovered from his ordeal, however. He returned to Rome a broken man, roaming round his apartments crying out in rage and humiliation. He died a month later.
The ‘outrage of Anagni’ shocked Italy and Europe. Dante, who hated Boniface and placed him upside down in a subterranean furnace in hell, nevertheless saw the maltreatment of the Pope at Anagni as the recrucifixion of Christ.
Domitian, (though in many respects he was a strong traditionalist) is said to have demanded to be addressed as dominus et deus noster, ‘our master and god’.
And a century later Commodus identified himself so closely with Hercules that he had Hercules’ lion-skin and club carried before him in the street and converted the great Colossus (an enormous statue, originally erected by Nero, and later giving its name to the nearby ‘Colosseum’) into a statue of himself as Hercules.
The earlier temple of Apollo was in the Circus Flaminius, outside the pomerium. Augustus not only moved his cult inside the sacred boundary of the city; but he brought the god effectively into his own house – as Ovid aptly recalled with his reference to ‘a single house <that> holds three eternal gods’. This complex of divine and human residence (emperor’s palace, shrine of Vesta and temple of Apollo) was without precedent in Rome, and clearly evoked the divine associations of Augustus.
The cult of Victoria, not an old Roman cult, was apparently derived from an awareness of Greek Victory(Nike) cults in the late fourth century and especially of the conquests and the far-famed invincibility of Alexander the Great. Victoria received a temple in 294 B.C.; at the same period other Roman war gods began to attract the title Victor or Invictus. Before long, as the early Roman issues of coinage show, the new goddess was playing a prominent role in the Roman imagery of war.
Numa founded the temple of Janus, whose doors were to be shut whenever the city was not at war. Numa was the first to close its doors; 700 years later the emperor Augustus proudly followed suit.
"Arama boşuna, buljnmak istemeyeni..."
Rome ve Juliet
Sayfa 122
From the early second century on, there spread through the Greek world cults centred on the deified personification of Rome – Dea Roma,‘Goddess Rome’ – or such variants as ‘The People of Rome’ or ‘Rome and the Roman Benefactors’.
It may be that for some citizens of the erstwhile independent Greek communities, the cult of some abstract conception of ‘Rome’ was a good deal more acceptable than the granting of divine honours to individual Romans; that Dea Roma provided a way of recognizing (celebrating, if need be) Roman power without treating the rapid turn-over of local governors as divine.
Varro was himself contributing to the history of religious thought as much as he was commenting on that history. And in fact his great encyclopaedia was to become, almost from the moment he wrote it, a work of even greater symbolic authority than the priests’ own books – ‘as Varro says’ being a legitimating Roman catchphrase for almost any claim (bogus or not) about the history, traditions and theology of state religion.
The plebeian associations of Ceres, Liber and Libera suggest also contacts between the Roman plebeians and the Greeks of South Italy, where the corresponding Greek cult (of Demeter, Dionysus and Kore) was strong.
"Aşk mükemmel değildir.Zor iştir ve bazen aşık olmak, aştan kaçmaktan daha çok çaba gerektirir.Mükemmeli aramaya devam edersen, gerçek olan yanından geçip gidecektir..."
Sayfa 20Kitabı okudu
Aşk mükemmel değildir. Zor iştir ve bazen aşık olmak, aşktan kaçmaktan daha çok çaba gerektirir. Mükemmeli aramaya devam edersen, gerçek olan yanından geçip gidecektir.
Sayfa 20Kitabı okudu
The warfare between East Rome and Persia was highly professional and murderous in its impact. Nothing like it occurred in western Europe. At a time when Justinian’s armies in Italy were seldom larger than 5,000, armies of up to 50,000 men clashed in the plains and foothills of northern Mesopotamia. Brigades of heavily armored Persian cavalry rode in tens of thousands across the plains and steppelands of Syria. Ancient cities endured sieges, capture, and the deportation of their entire populations. In terms of cost, bloodshed, and human suffering, the “barbarian invasions” of western Europe were no more than minor dislocations compared with such campaigns.
Cato adopted a method of driving home his point that was excessively brutal: whenever his opinion was called for on any subject, he invariably concluded with the words, ‘And furthermore, it is my opinion that Carthage must be destroyed!’
What is now known as Western Classical music evolved from the music of the medieval Church in Europe, which in turn had its roots in Jewish religious music and the music of classical Rome and Greece.
