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Foucault
Sayfa 37
Eleştirel olmak politik olmak demektir.
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Postmodernizm, modernite ideolojisine (aklın, etrafımızdaki her şeye hükmedebileceğini söyleyen ve bu yolla, bize belirsiz bir geleceğe doğru yol alan maddesel bir ilerleme taahhüt eden inanış) karşı bir tepki olarak gelişmiştir. Kültürel bir olgu olarak modernizmin kökleri sıklıkla, “Aydinlanma projesi" olarak da anilan, 18. yüzyıl Avrupasının
Aydınlanma Çağı'na dayandırılır.
The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes
In a notorious essay of 1968, he even proclaimed the “death of the author”. He meant the traditional, heroic “Author” passing on his words of wisdom to a grateful, and essentially passive, public. This has been a contentious idea. Yet, in its most basic sense, it means no more than that narratives take on a life of their own after they leave the author and pass into general circulation.
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The Frankfurt School's Critical Theory
Perhaps the most important strand of cultural criticism in Western Marxism was the Frankfurt School. It developed a rigorous approach to cultural analysis, particularly as seen in the work of its major figures, 
Theodor W. Adorno, 
Max Horkheimer, 
Herbert Marcuse
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Eco's Labyrinth
Umberto Eco (b. 1932) offers another semiotic view of intertextuality. One of the characters in his novel 
Gülün Adı (1980) remarks that: “A book is made up of signs that speak of other signs.”
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The Structuralist Marxism of Althusser
Ideology is therefore disseminated by what 
Louis Althusser calls the “Ideological State Apparatuses” (institutions such as the legal system, the educational system and the media) and maintained by the “Repressive State Apparatus” (the police and army).
Following on from 
Antonio Gramsci’s “hegemony” theory, Althusser also believed that ideology worked most effectively at the level of ideas – as enshrined in the Ideological State Apparatuses. The duty of the cultural critic is to identify where, and how, these ideas serve the cause of the ruling élite – as well as to identify the contradictions that reveal the gaps and flaws in the ideology in question.
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