After successfully repulsing the Muslim armies in their second major attack on Constantinople (717–18), Leo openly declared his opposition to icons for the first time. An angry mob murdered the official who was sent to replace the icon of Christ with a cross over the Bronze Gate. Whole sections of the empire rebelled vigorously. Mosaics were gouged from the walls; icons were daubed with whitewash. Leo secured the retirement of the patriarch of Constantinople and the consecration of a new one who favored Leo’s views. The iconoclasts (or image breakers) wanted to replace the religious icons with the traditional Christian symbols of the cross, the Book (Bible), and the elements of the Lord’s Supper. These objects alone, they insisted, should be considered holy.
Byung-Chul HanFelsefe
İnfial dalgaları (Empörungswellen — öfke/tepki dalgaları) dikkat çekmek ve dikkati bir yere yönlendirmek için oldukça etkilidirler. Ancak akışkanlıkları ve değişkenlikleri dolayısıyla kamusal söylemi ve alanı tasarlamak için elverişli değildirler. Bunun için fazla kontrol edilemez, fazla tahmin edilemez, sabitlenemez, geçici ve şekilsizdirler. Bir anda yükselip yine aynı çabuklukta dağılırlar. Bu yönleriyle Smart Mob'a (akıllı kalabalık) benzerler. Kamusal söylem için vazgeçilmez olan stabilite, kararlılık ve süreklilikten yoksundurlar. Dolayısıyla, infial, stabil bir söylemsel bağlama oturtulamaz. İnfial dalgaları çoğunlukla toplumsal veya politik açıdan çok az önemi olan olaylar karşısında ortaya çıkar.
İnfial toplumu bir skandal toplumudur. Herhangi bir çehreden (Contenance — vakar, kendini taşıma biçimi) ve tutumdan yoksundur. İnfial dalgalarının karakteristiği olan isyankârlık, histeri ve inatçılık, hiçbir nesnel iletişime, hiçbir diyaloğa, hiçbir söyleme izin vermez. Oysa tutum (Haltung — duruş, tavır), kamusal olan için kurucudur. Ancak kamusal alanın kurulması için mesafe de gereklidir. İnfial dalgaları aynı zamanda toplulukla çok düşük düzeyde bir özdeşleşme olduğunu gösterir. Dolayısıyla, bütüncül-toplumsal bir kaygı mekanizması sağlayacak stabil bir "biz" oluşturmazlar. Sözde öfkeli vatandaşların kaygısı bütün toplum için değil, aksine büyük ölçüde kendileri için bir kaygıdır. Bu nedenle hızla yeniden dağılır.
Reklam
Asil De Sade!
Fransız Devrimi'ni doğrudan yaşayan de Sade, bu devrimi desteklediği halde onun totaliter bir sisteme dönüşeceğini de pek iyi biliyordu. Kral öldü fakat demokrasi ve özgürlük adı altında yeni krallar belirdi. Paylaşımcı bir düşünceyi benimsese de, adına halk denilen mob ile özgürlükçü bir yaşamın paylaşılamayacağını biliyordu asil de Sade.
His Plan
“Lord Aedan!” Auberon whirls. “Get your bannermen here and arrest
Malleus. My son as well. And then we will deal with the human-loving
peasant mob outside.”
Aedan lifts his chin. “I think I prefer to stay out of this, Your Majesty.
Like the Dream Stalker, I have a great aversion to unnecessary death.”
As he speaks, I recall the poisons in his bedroom with a shudder. Man
loves his poisons.
Auberon pounds the table. “My son thrives on death. What is the
meaning of this?”
Aedan stands. “I tend to agree with Prince Talan. The kingdom has been
mismanaged, and that is the cause of the unrest now.”
Every word planted in his brain by Talan long ago.
“This is treason!” Arwenna’s father, the Marquis de Bosclair, gets to his
feet. “You will do as our king demands.”
“I will not.” Aedan looks resolute. “It is time to take a stand.”
The marquis’s cheeks turn pink. “Once we’ve dealt with the
commoners, I will march my own armies against any noble who refused to
obey His Majesty. The king is correct. Any commoners marching on the
king are trying to aid our enemies. They’re working for the filthy humans
who spread the famine. They’re our enemy within our kingdom, and we
must deal with them the way we do any threat to the crown.”
“That’s nonsense.” Ker-Ys’s shrill voice rises. “They’re not helping the
humans, and they’re not demi-Fey. They’re just starving. I stand with Prince
Talan.”
And here before me, each strand of Talan’s plan weaves together in
perfect precision.
Months of whispering dreams into nobles’ ears, of sowing thoughts like
threads—now, his schemes stitch themselves into place, a tapestry worthy
of Elaine of Shalott’s loom. He’s even managed to construct it so that KerYs has looked like his enemy. For months, he’s been controlling Ker-Ys to
oppose him. Now, I realize, it
With two of his sons, but otherwise unprotected, Bernabò rode to the rendezvous outside the gates. Gian Galeazzo, accompanied by a large bodyguard, dismounted, embraced his uncle and, while holding him tightly, called out an order in German, upon which one of his generals, the condottiero Jacopo del Verme, cut Bernabo’s sword belt while another, crying “You are a prisoner!,” seized his baton of office and took him in custody. Immediately Gian Galeazzo’s forces galloped through Milan and occupied its strong points. Because of his reasonable government of Pavia, the populace was ready to welcome him as a deliverer, and greeted him with cries of “ Viva il Conte! ” followed by their first thought on removal of the tyrant, “Down with taxes!” To smooth the transition, Gian Galeazzo allowed the mob to sack Bernabò’s palace and burn the tax registers.
In the hectic sequence of events, only Richard moved in a magic circle of reverence for the King’s person. Perched on a tall war-horse before the peasants, a charming boy robed in purple embroidered with the royal leopards, wearing a crown and carrying a gold rod, gracious and smiling and gaining confidence from his sway over the mob, he granted charters written out and distributed by thirty clerks on the spot. On this basis, many groups of peasants departed, believing in the King as their protector.
Reklam
Reklam