Durkheim finds the origin of the idea of the sacred in the periodic clan gatherings designed to maintain the solidarity of the clan. These gatherings replaced normal periods of dispersed individualistic economic activities, and were characterized by moments of intensified emotion and "collective effervescence." When transported from profane to sacred existence at these gatherings, the clan sought an explanation for their altered and elevated state. The gathering of the clan is the real cause, but too complex for the primitive mind to comprehend. So the clansman looks about and sees the symbols of the clan surrounding him and assigns the cause for his altered state to these objects. He supposes that the mana flows from the graven image of the clan totem, rather than from the collectivity of the clan itself.
In four hundred years European civilization and its offshoots passed from a state of absolute assurance that their ways were the ways of God, while the ways of other peoples were curiosities, perversions, errors, or heresies, to a belief in the artificiality and constructedness of all values.
The final victim of European imperialism was Europe itself. As Terry Eagleton puts it: "it is hard to remain convinced that your way of doing things is the only possible one when you are busy trying to subjugate another society which conducts its affairs in a radically different but apparently effective way".
There are as many possible theories of art as there are ways of regarding art; the Greeks regarded it from the moral point of view not because the Greek artist thought in a different way from any other but because their thought was predominantly political, and art, like drainage, undoubtedly performs some function in the state.
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Bell’s arguments (Bell, 1964 and Bell, 1971) against local hidden variable theories proceed by means of inequalities; it is noted in (Koç, 1992) that in these arguments Bell does not consider the geometrical (or, algebraic) properties of the quantum mechanical correlation function (for a system of spin-1/2 particles in the singlet state). It is shown in (Koç, 1992) that, due to the geometry (or, algebraic properties) of the quantum mechanical correlation function, Bell’s arguments in (Bell, 1964 and Bell, 1971) are inconclusive. In addition to this, it is asserted in (Koç, forthcoming) that Wigner’s argument (Wigner, 1970) against local hidden variable theories is similarly inconclusive because of the geometrical (or, algebraic) properties of the quantum mechanical probability functions (for a system of spin-1/2 particles in the singlet state).
Bell, J. S. ‘‘On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox’’, Physics 1 (1964): 195.
Bell, J. S. ‘‘Introduction to the Hidden Variable Question’’ in B. d’Espagnat, ed., Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Academic Press, 1971.
Koç, Y., ‘‘The Local Expectation Value Function and Bell’s Inequalities’’, Il Nuovo Cimento 107B (1992): 961-971.
Koç, Y. , ‘‘Wigner’s Inequality, Quantum Mechanical Probability Functions and Hidden Variable Theories’’ forthcoming in Il Nuovo Cimento B.
Wigner, E. P., ‘‘On Hidden Variables and Quantum Mechanical Probabilities’’, Amer. J. Phys. 38 (1970): 1005-1009.
Hidden variables
But Bell’s theorem implies that any such theory requires “action at a distance”—a measurement at one location can instantly affect the state of the universe arbitrarily far away. This seems to be in violation of the spirit if not the letter of the theory of relativity, which says that objects and influences cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. The hidden-variable approach is still being actively pursued, but all known attempts along these lines are ungainly and hard to reconcile with modern theories such as the Standard Model of particle physics, not to mention speculative ideas about quantum gravity, as we’ll discuss later. Perhaps this is why Einstein, the pioneer of relativity, never found a satisfactory theory of his own.
It is this connection between atheism and speculating about the nature of the heavens that also comes to the fore in Plato’s Apology (18bc), where Socrates says that his accusers state:
"There is a wise man called Socrates who has theories about the heavens and has investigated everything below the earth, and can make the weaker argument defeat the stronger. It is these people, gentlemen of the jury, the disseminators of these rumours, who are my dangerous accusers, because those who hear them suppose that anyone who inquires into such matters must be an atheist."
This testimony from an early dialogue of Plato is most valuable, as it shows that speculating about the heavens was indeed already connected with atheism by Socrates’ contemporaries.
Do you want some brain? No thanks im a liberal!
Hayek's most influential work, The Road to Serfdom, explored growing state influence that he felt represented a fundamental threat to individual liberty. In his view, the growing role of government to provide greater economic security was nothing more than the first step on a slippery slope to socialism or fascism. He warned against reliance on ''national planners'' who promised to create economic utopias by supplanting competition with a government-directed system of production, pricing, and redistribution. Drawing on older theories of economic liberalism, Hayek argued that the only way to have security and freedom was to limit the role of government and draw security from opportunity the market provides to free individuals.
Sayfa 39 - pearson new international edition
For Hayek social justice is a myth, a search for the impossible. Unlike some public choice theorists, Hayek believes that not even the market rewards merit.
Sayfa 95
New-right authors from the public choice and Austrian approaches frequently analyze the problems of liberal democracy in the same way, and prescribe the same remedies to improve matters, while differing sharply in their methods of analysis.
Sayfa 86
Public choice theory studies collective, social or non-market decision making. The subject matter of public choice thus includes many aspects of political science, the study of the state, constitutions, collective action, voting procedures, party behavior, bureaucratic behavior, and manipulative behavior. Applying the methods and techniques of neoclassical economics to the study of the subjects is what makes public choice so distinctive.
Sayfa 76
In principle you do not have to adopt new-right values in order to use public choice patterns of argument. (...) However, a majority of public choice writers in fact espouse political values and policies normally associated with conservatism.
Sayfa 75
Bitterly opposed to equality, whether equality before the law or equality of opportunity, conservatives feared mass democracy. The ‘idea of the modern state’, that all citizens are equal before a sovereign, implied a fundamental human equality which they regarded as anathema. The old right were therefore against the state, preferring a mythical vision of medieval feudalism, when society was believed to be an organic whole, unified despite its separate and unequal ‘estates’.
Sayfa 73
Among these general approaches (of modern sociology) are a) Functionalism, b) Marxism and Conflict Theory and c) Symbolic Interactionism.
Functionalism has an important place in modern sociology and was initially influenced by Durkheim’s works in sociology in the 19th century. Functionalism deals with society as a system consisting of
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