Catholics, who had been strong in the German republic during the 1920s, endorsed the new Nazi government and supported the agreement ( concordat ) the Führer signed with the pope in 1933 guaranteeing the freedom to practice the Catholic religion. The concordat was an important milestone for Hitler. It greatly increased his prestige, and it successfully excluded Catholics from German politics. Hitler, however, had no intention of keeping his part of the bargain.
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“This was freedom. Losing all hope was freedom.”
“İşte özgürlük buydu. Tüm umudu yitirmek özgürlüktü.”
Pope Pius IX sent an encyclical, or papal letter, to all bishops of the church. In it he enclosed a Syllabus of Errors , a compilation of eighty evils in modern society. In no uncertain terms, he declared war on socialism, rationalism, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, public schools, Bible societies, separation of church and state, and a host of other demons in the Age of Progress. He concluded by denying that “the Roman pontiff can and ought to reconcile himself and reach agreement with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization.”
The American Revolution in the 1770s inspired these radicals in Europe. It offered a great lesson to ponder and perhaps to imitate. To European observers, the American founding fathers were true men of the Enlightenment—rational yet passionately concerned about equality, peaceful yet ready to go to war for their freedom. By wresting independence from a formidable imperial power, they had proved that the Enlightenment ideas worked.
ours must be
a politic of revolution
freedom can't exist
until the most disadvantaged are free
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